Chapter I
Establishes five constant factors in war: moral law, heaven, earth, commander, method and discipline.
6 argumentative units
- 01Five constant factors in warfare
Sun Tzŭ establishes that all warfare depends on five constant factors: moral law, heaven, earth, commander, and method and discipline. These are presented as the fundamental elements that determine success or failure in military campaigns.
- 02Definition of moral law
Moral law is defined as the principle that binds the people to their leader, inspiring loyalty and willingness to follow even unto death.
- 03Heaven and earth as tactical factors
Heaven and earth refer to natural conditions—encompassing seasons, climate, and terrain—that shape tactical possibilities in warfare.
- 04Qualities of the commander
The commander must possess five key virtues—wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage, and strictness—which determine the efficacy of military leadership.
- 05Method and discipline in organization
Method and discipline refer to the proper organization of the army, including hierarchical structure, supply lines, and maintenance of order necessary for coordinated action.
- 06Knowledge as the principle of victory
Sun Tzŭ claims that victory requires knowing both the enemy and oneself; this knowledge, combined with understanding of the five factors, ensures success.